Decoding Oral Cancer: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

Oral cancer, a term encompassing all cancers occurring within the oral cavity, manifests in various forms depending on the specific location within the mouth. When it occurs on the tongue, it's termed squamous cell carcinoma, while gum cancer is referred to as gingival carcinoma, palate cancer as palatal carcinoma, and when it emerges beneath the tongue, it is known as sublingual carcinoma. Although diverse, the term "oral cancer" commonly refers to cancers developing on the oral mucosa.

Types of Oral Cancer

The majority of oral cancers are attributed to squamous cell carcinoma, arising from the unregulated growth of surface cells in the oral mucosa. Approximately 90% of all oral cancers fall into this category, with the remaining 10% comprising various types such as sarcomas, melanomas, and lymphomas.

Causes of Oral Cancer

The predominant contributors to oral cancer are tobacco use and alcohol consumption. Notably, 90% of oral cancer patients have a history of smoking, and the risk escalates with prolonged smoking duration and higher tobacco consumption. Additionally, deficiencies in vitamins, poor oral hygiene, and persistent mucosal damage caused by sharp teeth or dentures are linked to the development of oral cancer. Excessive alcohol consumption and prolonged exposure to sunlight are also recognized as risk factors for oral cancer.

Decoding Oral Cancer: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

Symptoms of Oral Cancer

What distinguishes oral cancer is the often silent nature of its progression, with pain being less prevalent in comparison to general perceptions of cancer. While symptoms may intensify later on, the early stages commonly present with inconspicuous indicators.

Initial symptoms frequently include conditions such as oral ulcers or stomatitis, causing temporary discomfort that typically resolves within 2-3 weeks. If these conditions persist beyond three weeks, a visit to the hospital for diagnosis, including the possibility of tissue examination, is advisable.

An irregularity on the tongue, particularly if a previously smooth area becomes progressively raised or feels firm upon touch, warrants suspicion of oral cancer. Sudden tooth mobility, especially in young individuals without apparent causes, necessitates prompt evaluation. Failure of the extraction site to heal after one month, with persistent discomfort, should raise concerns about potential oral cancer.

Difficulty in mouth opening, altered lip sensation, or instances of spontaneous bleeding within the oral cavity are additional red flags. Changes in oral pigmentation, persistent foreign body sensations, thickening of the cheek, sensations of throat obstruction, jaw swelling, or discomfort while wearing dentures can also be indicative of oral cancer.

In summary, the myriad manifestations of oral cancer underscore the importance of seeking medical evaluation when symptoms arise. Even in the absence of symptoms, regular oral screenings every six months to a year are crucial for comprehensive oral health.